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Memory traces

A memory trace is a metaphorical/theoretical term for the brain’s representation of some knowledge or memory. The “trace” includes synaptic connections between neurons. Also known as an “engram”.

{/* TODO: maybe this should be included in an earlier lesson */}

Mental models

"A mental model is a mental representation of some external reality." Fitting new knowledge into an existing mental model or creating a new mental model that connects to another existing one is key for learning.

Placing new knowledge in a larger context aids learning. I've termed this contextualization{" "} so that I have a label to attach to the concept, although that's not an official term. Same idea as fitting new learnings into an existing mental model.

You can fit new knowledge into an existing mental model, and that connection improves retention. Or you might create a new mental model that connects to another existing mental model.

"All new learning requires a foundation of prior knowledge." Learn the fundamentals!

Identifying underlying rules helps solve related but unfamiliar problems later.

Encoding

Encoding is the process of transforming sensory perceptions—things we read, hear, see, feel—into memory traces in the brain. Encoding places new learning in short-term memory, and consolidation moves it to long-term memory.

Memory consolidation

Memory consolidation is the process of transforming short-term memories into long term memories. It happens over the course of hours and days, including during deep, slow-wave sleep. During consolidation, memory traces are strengthened and connected to prior knowledge. The hippocampus performs consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory.

Synaptic pruning

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